英语词法：现在完成进行时

1. 现在完成进行时的定义

现在完成进行时表示某动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并且还有可能持续下去。如：

We have been waiting for him for two hours.

2. 现在完成进行时的结构

have /has been + doing

3. 现在完成进行时的应用

现在完成进行时所用的时间状语：

this month / week / year, these days, recently / lately,

in the past few + 时间段, since +时间点, for + 时间段。如：

They have been building the bridge for two months.

They have been planting trees this month.

（一）表示动作的延续

The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.

中国有2000年的造纸历史。（动作还将继续下去）

I have been learning English since three years ago.自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。

（二）表示在说话时刻之前刚刚结束的动作。

We  have  been waiting for you for half an hour.

我们已经等你半个钟头了。（动作不再继续下去）

（三）有些现在完成进行时的句子等同于现在完成时的句子。

They have been living in this city for ten years.

They have lived in this city for ten years.

他们在这个城市已经住了10年了。

I have been working here for five years.

I have worked here for five years.

我在这里已经工作两年了。

（四）大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。

I have been writing a book.（动作还将继续下去）

我一直在写一本书。

I have written a book.（动作已经完成）

我已经写了一本书。

They have been building a bridge.

他们一直在造一座桥。

They have built a bridge.

他们造了一座桥。

（五）表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。

I have known him for years.

我认识他已经好几年了。

×I have been knowing...

这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有：love爱，like喜欢，hate讨厌，等。

4. 现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别

 (1) 现在完成时强调动作的完成，而现在完成进行时强调动作的延续，因此，表示动作的完成，只能用现在完成时，而不能用现在完成进行时。如：

He has changed his idea.

(2) 在表示动作的延续时，虽然既可用现在完成时，也可用现在完成进行时，但现在完成进行时强调动作的进行。因此在需要明确表示动作还要持续下去时，应用现在完成进行时。如：

We have been studying here for two years.

 (3) 有些延续性动词(如 keep, learn, live, stay, study, work等)，用于现在完成时或现在完成进行时的区别不大。如：

I have lived here for many years.

=I have been living here for many years.

我在这儿住了多年了。

1.现在完成进行时的基本用法；2.现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别；3.现在完成进行时和其他时态的搭配

1.现在完成进行时的构成记忆不清；2.不能准确区分现在完成进行和现在完成时的区别；3.时态搭配上出现错误

【典型例题】

1. Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she ______ English for a year.

A.studies  B.studied  C.is studying D.has been studying

解析：错选B。到现在为止，Cathy 仍然在Sunshine School学习，因此不能选B。根据题意，应该选D。表示动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到现在，还可能继续延续下去。

2.. Now that she is out of job, Lucy ___ going back to school，but she hasn’t decided yet.

A. had considered B. has been considering  

C. considered  D. is going to consider

解析：错选D。受汉语影响，认为Lucy将要考虑回到学校。本题后面表示“她还未决定”，表示现在仍在考虑，所以正确答案B。

3.--- Did you find the missing couple in the mountain yesterday?

 --- No, but we ____ to get in touch with them ever since.

A. have tried B. have been trying C. had tried D. had been trying

解析：错选A。“从那时一直到现在，我们一直在努力和他们联系。”A选项表示联系过，隐含已经放弃，所以错误。正确答案为D。